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In the U.S. there are more than 400,000 people with multiple sclerosis. Unfortunately, there is no pill treatment for this debilitating disease. But that may change soon because a promising oral medication is in the drug development pipeline, according to a recent study in The New England Journal of Medicine.

Although there are injectable treatments for those with MS, most of them increase the risk of skin reactions and infections, so a pill-based form of medication is eagerly awaited. An international group of researchers gave different doses of the experimental drug Fingolimod to 255 patients suffering from relapsing MS, a specific form of the disease that most MS patients start out with.

Multiple Sclerosis (also known as MS) is considered an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks itself — attacking some protective tissues in the brain — and creates scar tissue. There are four types of MS: relapsing-remitting, primary-progressive, secondary-progressive and progressive-relapsing.

Recently, medical investigators tracked MS patients' progress over the course of the study with MRI scans and doctor evaluations. Six months after the study began, the number of brain lesions — areas of the brain damaged by the disease — reduced significantly in most patients, and the majority of the patients experienced a 50 percent drop in relapses.

So does Fingolimod work better than injections? Not necessarily. Most current injectable drugs also reduce brain lesions and can reduce MS attacks by 28 percent to 66 percent, according to clinical trials.

But Multiple Sclerosis is an unpredictable disease that can change month by month or day by day, and an Multiple Sclerosis drug that works for a patient one day may not keep working for the same patient after a while. So, MS researchers were pleased to find that some patients who continued to take Fingolimod continued to respond well to it, even one year after the multiple sclerosis study began.

For more information about your health pleaae visit Health & Wellness Organization

What is Spinal Meningitis?

Meningitis is an infection that causes inflammation of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. Non-bacterial meningitis is often referred to as "aseptic meningitis." Bacterial meningitis may be referred to as "purulent meningitis."

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

The most common causes of meningitis are viral infections that usually resolve without treatment. However, bacterial infections of the meninges are extremely serious illnesses, and may result in death or brain damage, even if treated. Meningitis is also caused by fungi, chemical irritation, drug allergies, and tumors.

Types of Memingitis include:

  • Meningitis - cryptococcal
  • Syphilitic aseptic meningitis
  • Meningitis - H. influenza
  • Meningitis - meningococcal
  • Meningitis - pneumococcal
  • Meningitis - staphylococcal
  • Meningitis - tuberculosis
  • Aseptic meningitis
  • Meningitis gram negative
  • Carcinomatous meningitis (meningitis due to cancer)
  • Acute bacterial meningitis is a true medical emergency, and requires immediate hospital-based treatment. Bacterial strains that cause meningitis include Streptococcus pneumonia, Haemophilus influenza, Neisseria meningitides (meningococcus), Listeria monocytogenes, and many other types of bacteria. In the U.S. almost 20,000 cases of bacterial meningitis occur yearly.

Viral Meningitis is milder and occurs more often than bacterial meningitis. It usually develops in the late summer and early fall, often affects children and adults under 30. Seventy percent of the infections occur in children under the age of 5. Most Viral Meningitis is associated with enteroviruses, which are viruses that commonly cause intestinal illness.

However, many other types of viruses can also cause meningitis. For example, Viral Meningitis may occur as a complication in people with genital herpes. Recently, West Nile virus spread by mosquito bites has become a cause of Viral Meningitis in most of the U.S. In addition to causing Viral Meningitis , West Nile virus may cause encephalitis in some patients and a polio-like syndrome in others.

Spinal Meningitis Symptoms

  • Fever and chills
  • Severe headache
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Stiff neck (meningismus)
  • Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
  • Mental status changes

Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease:

  • Decreased consciousness
  • Rapid breathing
  • Agitation
  • Opisthotonos (severe neck stiffness, ultimately resulting in a characteristic arched posture-seen in infants or small children)
  • Bulging fontanelles (the soft spots in a baby's skull may bulge)
  • Poor feeding or irritability in children
  • Meningitis is an important cause of fever in newborn children. For this reason, a lumbar puncture is often done on newborns who have a fever of uncertain origin.

Signs and tests

  • Lumbar puncture with CSF glucose measurement and CSF cell count
  • Gram-stain and culture of CSF (cerebral spinal fluid)
  • Chest x-ray to look for other sites of infection
  • Head CT scan looking for hydrocephalus, abscess or deep swelling

Treatment of Spinal Meningitis

Antibiotics will be prescribed for bacterial meningitis; the type will vary depending on the infecting organism. Antibiotics are not effective in Viral Meningitis. Treatment of secondary symptoms including brain swelling, shock, and seizures will require other medications and intravenous fluids. Hospitalization may be required depending on the severity of the illness and the needed treatment.

Expectations (prognosis) of Spinal Meningitis

Early diagnosis and treatment of bacterial meningitis is essential to prevent permanent neurological or spinal damage. Viral Meningitis is usually not serious, and symptoms should disappear within 2-weeks with no residual complications.

Complications of Spinal Meningitis

  • Hearing loss or deafness
  • Brain damage
  • Loss of vision
  • Hydrocephalus

Calling your health care provider

If you feel that you or your child have symptoms suggestive of meningitis, you must seek emergency medical help immediately. Early treatment is key to a good outcome.

Prevention of Spinal Meningitis

Haemophilus vaccine (HiB vaccine) in children will help prevent one type of meningitis.

The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is now a routine childhood immunization and is very effective at preventing Pneumococcal Meningitis.

It's highly recommended household contacts and people with close contact with individuals with meningococcal meningitis receive preventative antibiotics to avoid becoming infected themselves.

Some communities conduct vaccination campaigns following an outbreak of meningococcal meningitis. Military recruits are routinely vaccinated against this form of meningitis because of its high rate of occurrence.

The American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College Health Assn encourage college students (particularly freshmen living in dorms) to consider being vaccinated with the meningococcal vaccine.

How to Deal with Spinal Meningitis?

With the arrival of late summer and early fall Spinal Meningitis raises its ugly head to search for preys, its victims are often children below five and adults below thirty. Spinal Meningitis is a lay-term for inflammation of the meninges-membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It affects the brain and spine simultaneously.

Causes

‘Purulent Meningitis’ refers to the infection caused by bacteria. ‘Aseptic meningitis’ is non bacterial meningitis- caused by virus, fungi, chemicals and tumors.

Symptoms

The symptoms of both bacterial and non bacterial "spinal meningitis symptoms" are very similar. The onslaught of meningitis disease is preceded generally by a splitting headache, fever and chills, severe stiff neck, sensitivity to light, vomiting, loss of appetite, and sweating.

Bacterial Meningitis may show some extra symptoms like mental status changes, Dementia, twitching, perturbation, skin rashes and protrusive soft skull spots in case of babies.

Diagnosis

If you experience these symptoms seek medical attention right away. Delays can cause incurable secondary defects like blindness, deafness and brain damage or may be life threatening.

Common diagnosis tools that the doctor uses for spinal meningitis include a Lumbar Puncture to inspect cerebrospinal fluid, bacterial culture, chest X-ray and a CT scan of the brain to locate damages.

Medical Treatment

Bacterial Meningitis is treated with antibiotics administered orally first and then intraveinously.The earlier the disease is detected and treated the better will be the results. Although rarely seen, this form of Meningitis is more serious that than Viral Meningitis. Antibiotics can’t cure Viral Meningitis. The disease usually resolves on its own. Secondary defects can be treated with intravenous fluids.

Natural Treatment

Golden Seal is a natural tonic that strengthens the spinal nerves and prevents recurrence of spinal meningitis. Black Cohosh is good for spinal meningitis, but its use is unadvisable for pregnant women. Both these medicines should be taken only for short time periods.

Prevention is always better than cure. Thanks to administration of drugs and vaccines like Haemophilus vaccine, Meningococcal vaccine and Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine you can prevent some types of Spinal Meningitis.


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